Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy Essay Divine command theory is an ethical view based on theism or the belief that God exists. Followers of the theory accept that all moral judgment is derived from an understanding of Gods character or his direct commandments. In other words, what is in accordance with Gods command is moral and what is contrary to that command is immoral (Farnell, 2005). The holy books of each religion (e.g. The Bible, Koran, and Torah) contain Gods directions. Therefore, they can be used as guides to distinguish between morally good and bad actions. The idea that ethics and religion are connected is far-reaching, and it leads us to examine religions role in our society. Advantages Although divine command theory has been rejected as a working ethical theory, there are a few ways in which it does provide an advantage as an ethical framework. First, Gods commands set forth universal moral rules. The rules can be applied to anyone, at all times and places. The belief that God is eternal and never changes means that his commands are as relevant today as when they were first recorded. Second, Gods commands dont depend on what others think are right or wrong. His commands are completely objective. For example, one of Gods commandments is not to commit murder (Exodus 21:13). Even if your friends believe that murder is acceptable (for instance, capital punishment), they are still wrong because their beliefs oppose Gods will. Under this theory, morality exists outside of human reasoning because God is the ultimate authority. Third, if you disobey God, you will be punished. If you follow his commands, youll be rewarded. God is both omnipotent and omnipresent. If you choose to disobey, your punishment is inescapable. If you obey, God will bless you with eternal life and a place in heaven. Those who believe have a strong incentive to follow his commands. Finally, traditional religions are centuries old and have recorded many of Gods commands. Religious texts allow us to know and understand the character of God, and they make it easier to know how to act morally. For Christian believers, the Word of God is in The Bible and they are secure in the concrete, moral teachings written in its pages. Critiques There are several reasons why divine command theory falls short as a working ethical viewpoint. One objection focuses on the sheer number of world religions and their different interpretations of the nature of God (or their gods). How does a divine command theorist know that their Gods commands are the right ones to follow? It is impossible to prove that the insights of Allah overrule the laws of Yahweh. Even within Christianity, a schism has existed between Catholic and Protestant believers since The Reformation in 1517. Under divine command theory only one religion can be correct and the followers of that God are the only ones leading moral lives (Austin, 2006). This leads into the next objection. Gods commands can be easily misconstrued. That is, how do we determine the correct interpretation of the sacred texts? When God states that we should not commit murder, does that mean murder is always immoral, or should we take into account the specific context in which God gave this command? During this process of interpretation, we are actually exercising our own sense of morality. We must rely on our own understanding of Gods goodness and act on moral laws we deem consistent with Gods commands (Adams, 1999). We cannot take ourselves completely out of the picture when determining Gods position on ethical issues. Perhaps the most convincing argument against divine command theory is that it leaves open the idea that immoral acts might not be wrong. That means Gods commands are arbitrary in nature. Murray and Rea (2008) state that, the [divine command] process that determines what is moral or immoral does not actually involve moral considerations. If God omitted the command forbidding murder, then it would no longer be an immoral action. On the other hand, if God is restricted from commanding the murder of children or stealing from the poor, then the logic behind divine command theory falls apart. God is no longer the sole source for moral knowledge and some knowledge outside of God makes those acts immoral. Platos Euthyphro Platos classic dialogue Euthyphro will always be brought up in discussions about the relationship between God and ethics. The dialogue features a discussion of piety between Socrates and Euthyphro. Socrates is on trial for corrupting the youth of Athens by leading them away from their belief in gods. Euthyphro is prosecuting his own father for manslaughter in the death of a servant. About midway through the dialogue, Socrates asks his famous question: Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods? (Plato Church, 1987) This is the same as saying: Does God command an action because it is morally right, or is it a morally right action because God commands it? If the latter is true, then God can either command or refuse to speak against immoral acts and that will make them moral. In the Bible, God commanded his most devout follower, Abraham, to sacrifice his favorite son Isaac (Genesis 22:1-24). Abraham bound Isaac on a hilltop and was just about to commit filicide when an angel of the Lord came down to stop him. There is no doubt that Abraham would have murdered Isaac had God not intervened at the last second. Although there is a happy ending to this parable, the inferred message here is that God has the power to upend morality at any time. If God is the ultimate authority, then nothing should stop us from honoring his will not even our ethical boundaries. If the former is true, then morality has a source outside of God. Of course God will command what is morally right every time, because God is all-knowing. In fact, he already knows what is right or wrong before he even commands it. That means Gods commands are in line with an independent moral standard. Gods perfect nature restricts him from making immoral acts moral. Thus, right and wrong are not based on Gods will alone. This places God in the same situation that we are in. We also base our behavior on an ethical standard that we discover rather than invent. We have just made God irrelevant when it comes to moral authority. Faith vs. reason Faith in God seems diametrically opposed to reason and common sense. The main allure of religion is the intense passion that believers bring to their faith. Christianity is a powerful force in our society because it asks for the most suspension of disbelief in its followers. The commitment involved in maintaining that the Son of God was born a mortal man infused with the Holy Spirit is enormous. On the other hand, if faith fell directly in line with reason then it wouldnt inspire the passion it has throughout the ages. There are many who keep faith and reason as separate and distinct parts of their lives. St. Thomas Aquinas believed that reason alone is sufficient to understand between right and wrong (Clark Poortenga, 2003). He also believed that human reason was an expression of Gods will. If God did create us in his image, then our understanding of morality is an extension of that. God could have chosen to create us some other way, but ultimately, our human nature demands that we lead a good and moral life to be fulfilled. As an ethical construct, divine command theory fails under rigorous, philosophical critiques, but that doesnt mean ethical reasoning and faith cannot coexist. Those who believe in God can use reason to responsibly determine how best to conform their behavior to his commands.

Emirates Airlines And Fly Dubai Management Essay

Emirates Airlines And Fly Dubai Management Essay The below report is based on two airlines in the United Arab Emirates and they are Emirates Airlines which was established in the year 1985 and up to now is one of the best airlines worldwide flying to over 124 destinations by operating the latest airbuses also providing and offering the best services to its customers and Fly Dubai an upcoming low-cost airline established in 2008 operating about 51 destinations with a fleet size of 23 by giving the travel solution to the customers who wish to travel abroad for cheap fare with no additional services. The report shows an analysis of the two organizational structures on how emirates has a Tall, hierarchical organizational structure in comparison to that Fly Dubai has a flat structure with very few key people and others in same par. It further extends to the understanding of the relationship of the organization structure and its culture, the different approaches of management and leadership styles on how Tim Clark CEO of Emirates and Ghaith Al Ghaith CEO of Fly Dubai lead their organization and the effectiveness of the style they follow. The two companies practice of the classical approach to management is also analysed and an evaluation on the different approaches to management. The task two which is the presentation is based on the understanding of ways of using motivational theories within the two organizations and the mechanisms for developing effective teamwork. Introduction The below report is an analysis of the two airlines, that is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai. It focuses on the organizational structure and the behaviour of individuals and groups within two organizations. As a trainee management consultant of emirates airlines I have managed to get information regarding the structure of the organization, the cultural behaviour of the employees of the organization and also the behavioural problems and how they are solved. in the report we identify two main characters in the two Airlines and analyse how the different styles of leadership have helped to guide the subordinates and to help the growth of the organization The assignment covers a presentation which will be presented to the assessor on the due date. Task One 1.1 Structure and culture analysis An organization is a structure through which individuals and groups cooperate systematically to conduct business. With the comparison and contrasting of the two companies which is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai we can analyse the structure and culture of the two organizations to get a better understanding on the relationship between the organizational structure and culture. Emirates is Airline that was established in October 1985, since the beginning up until now there are very distinctive growths that have taken place and as of now Emirates is an award winning airline flying to over 124 destinations across the 6 continents by operating over 177 aircrafts and employing over 55000 employees that speak different languages. Emirates have diversified into related industries and sectors, including airport services, engineering, hospitality services, catering, and tour operator operations. Fly Dubai was established in July 2008 by the Government of Dubai and was supported by Emirates at the beginning stage Fly Dubai commenced operations on the 1 June 2009 and up to now they are flying to around 51 destinations with a fleet size of 23 aircrafts. Fly Dubai is an airline mainly based on web sales I.e. It is mainly a web based airline where not much of interaction happens between the airline personals and the customers. Even though it is a budget airline it has a very high since 2009 to now they have a significant growth within the industry. Organizational Structure of Emirates Airlines. The organizational structure of emirates is a very tall, rather hierarchical structure hence the structure starts with Chairman, Vice presidents, Executive secretaries, Divisional VP , Senior VP, Regional managers, Area managers, Department heads and Supervisors below that the staff reporting upwards. The structure presented below contains the main people as well as the structure of the organization more in to the passenger sales executive management until the operational level managers Organizational Structure of Fly Dubai The Chairman of Fly Dubai and emirates Airlines are the same however it is two different organizations managed by a totally different management with few heads and the rest of them in the same par. In analysing the two structures it is clear that Emirates Airlines has a Tall organizational structure as the organization is a large global organization hence the more the company grows the levels of management will rise which will make the structure of the organization tall (hierarchical). When a company has a Tall organizational structure there are various advantages. In a tall structure we can observe a very close supervisory control because of the hierarchical structure involved and also it is a more authoritative structure as the consequences, the roles and responsibilities are clearly defined. The other good thing about this structure is that the responsible person is accountable to higher authorities therefor mistakes are less as well as considered decisions will be made at all times. However sometimes it may be disadvantageous towards the side of the employees as the level of motivation may stand somewhat lower which will in return affect the company also another major disad vantage is that the tall structure creates a huge communication barrier with the top management, middle level managers as well as the lower level manager. Emirates group is a large group with many managerial levels. There are many departments involved various tasks, from the departments serving the customers needs to the engineering department as well as the catering departments and also many more. However each of them are managed by a department head and reported upwards to the middle level and so on to the top management . Emirates airlines is not fully based online like Fly Dubai, there is a major role played by the staff in different stations hence regional managers, area managers, department managers and supervisors are appointed. In the case of Fly Dubai the management is limited and also it is still a new airline that was established about 3 years ago. In analysing Fly Dubai it is clear that the airline has a flat organizational structure as there are only few key people to manage as mentioned above. However there are few directors as well as airport officers appointed to make sure the operations run smoothly. In flat structure have only few management levels where each level controls and managers a large area. The advantage of this structure is that there is a greater communication with the employee and employer and also easy decision making as less people to discuss with but sometimes it may be based on a one persons ideas which can be disadvantageous. It becomes unfavourable in as the key people have to solve all problems of employees and in the organization and also the Lack of layers may reduce opportunities for high level strategic management. 1.2 Evaluation of how the structure of each company supports its culture and how this relationship affects the business. The culture is based on how the business is done. Mainly the belief, norms, customs, values and ideas of the employees within the organization is what it is built upon. A cultural environment should always motivate the employees of the organization to give out their best towards the enhancement of the business performance. The culture of Emirates Airlines is a more quality and service oriented and also has a very forward -looking culture that takes into consideration the customers requirements and makes sure the customer is given out the best at all times whereas in Fly Dubai it is more of power culture, which is all decisions are centralized around one key individual, there isnt much of an interaction with the customer and the airline employees. Emirates has a more role oriented culture where the entire organizational structure has a role to play in order to make sure each of the flights departs on time with all booked customers with to all required facilities. All employees as well as the top management are responsible for every action taken. The Tall structure of emirates works in a favourable manner in the process of decision making as many different ideas can be obtained by the multicultural set of managers as well as the employees. When working according to a vision, having different ideas, having different values will lead to the conducting of business in an ethical way and in return it will enhance the performance of the employees and motivate them to perform well to give out the best. In the case of Fly Dubai, the airline has a more task oriented culture as the main is to make sure the maximum amount of customers are on the flight and also they have only limited intervention with customers hence the customers welfare is not really considered. However each companys culture differs depending on the top management and the employees behaviour patterns. Fly Dubai has few key people and out of which the Owner of the airline is the same as emirates but the cultures of both organizations are completely different. One which is Emirates Airlines, a customer service oriented airline that servers customers to the best by offering various different comforts and additional benefits in order to and make the customer feel good, to satisfy the customer for the price paid and also to retain customers for the long run. The other is Fly Dubai which is a budget airline in Dubai for customers seeking a travel solution for the cheaper fares, in this airline the customers are not given a dditional benefits the culture they impose is that anything is money even the food on board should be bought even the basic baggage allowance is also charged for separately but they give out good deals for customers with less budget. However there are some similarities in the cultural aspects of both airlines, that is both airlines are innovative, they are full of people with new ideas and experiences both airlines have a very friendly background. They also have created a challenging culture. Emirates manly have three main intentions of how to behave in the organization in order to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the company. Challenge Conviction Here the employees and managers are influenced by the culture of the organization which all employees should adapt to and that is to accept any challenging situation that come your way. For that the employees should be Curious, Brave, Imaginative Pioneering, Innovative, Ambitious If the organizational structure supports the company culture there will be good improvement in the business performance and also it will motivate the employees in many ways as then they have a clear idea on what is expected and how the organization works. Anticipate and Exceed Customer Expectations This is another way that the customer oriented and service oriented culture can be brought out. For this the staff has to act accordingly with the help of the management. Cosmopolitan, Visionary, Empathetic Human, Intelligent, Hi-tech Have a Can-Do Attitude the attitude has been created among the employees that anything is possible. The organization has a very positive culture hence all employees are motivated by it to work to the best of the ability. 1.3 What each company does in order to identify and solve employee behavioural problems In each company there are problems that are unique to the employees job role accordingly these problems must be identified by the supervisor and should be communicated to the management and make sure decisions have been made to make these problems minimal. In Emirates airlines the main control point is Dubai however each station in different countries has their own problems, sometimes it may be common problems. Taking into consideration Emirates Colombo station, they identify problems by having meetings weekly to discuss issues that have arisen during the week, and solutions are given for these problems by discussing with the relevant management. The employees attitude towards work is also important. Some employees have issues in performance on time for his problem deadlines should be given in order to make sure the job is done on time. Another problem is that if there is a job that needs to be completed the staff will wait till the supervisor instructs them to do so where as they should be advised to make sure no work is in pending status. Some of the key problems that might be common in an organization Unethical behaviour- this can be described in many different actions of employees Theft to disclosure of confidential information to the misrepresentation of products and services, These types of issues are serious as information is conveyed incorrectly and also there may be financial losses for the company. There are agreements that have been signed in order to make sure of the honesty of the employees continues in the future.. Time Management the other problem is on timely performance. When a reservation is made and it is not issued on time the customer will be lost. Employees and time spent for personal matters should be clearly communicated so that employees know whether or not they can answer text messages and personal emails during work time. Employees also need to manage their time wisely when it comes to rest and lunch breaks as well as getting to work on time. If an employee is not managing that time wisely, the company ultimately loses. Fly Dubai is an Airline that directly deals with the customers online through a website. The customers do not have contact with the employees or management but there are a set of employees and managers who work behind the scene. In this case also the above discussed problems will arise hence the with good communication, supervisory and also identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the employees it will help the management to solve the employee behavioural problems amicably. 2.1 Effectiveness of the leadership styles Leadership is the glue that holds all elements in a team together. Good leadership has the ability to transform and inspire both individuals and groups. Emirates airline being one of the leading airlines in the world has many people behind its success and out them Tim Clark as the CEO has a prominent role played in order to manage the organization with the guidance of the chairman His Highness Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum. In analysing Tim Clarks leadership patterns we can identify that he has the qualities of an Autocratic, where he has to command to the management below in a situation where an instant decision has to be taken and Democratic when in a situation that he has to communicate with the rest of the structure to make important decisions. He also has qualities of a dynamic leader, a person who looks as each situation in a different way and adapts to the chargers. As a leader he is quick thinker and a wise decision maker. Tim Clark is a leader who is full of innovative ideas, integrity, dedication, openness and magnanimity. Whatever he does is done with great passion and love for the company and the employees. He is a CEO who makes sure that all employees are treated well. Many new ideas and innovations have been initiated from him; eg the idea of re-launching the brand to hello tomorrow and making it a lifestyle brand, solving some issues related to the A380 aircraft order. He is a person who is not hesitant when it comes to taking risk. He does not follow any traditional ways of doing business but a man with a business mind, who will lead the employees to be easily motivated by the changing world, innovation and upcoming business opportunities that will enhance the business growth and bring success to organization as a whole. (article Group world ) In analysing the leadership styles of Ghaith Al Ghaith the CEO of Fly Dubai, it is clear that he is a very democratic leader; decisions are made by taking ideas from other managers. Within a short time period fly Dubai has succeeded in capturing the market looking for travel solutions. Ghaith Al Ghaith is a very innovative thinker, a leader driven by the vision to be a low-cost and reliable link to key destinations around the globe. Over all a very understanding, brave, challenge accepting and a leader who is believes that nothing is impossible Over the course of my career I have realized the secret to success is team work, attention to detail, dedication and tenacity to go the extra mile. Learning this from the early stages of my career has stood me in good stead for where I am today (article [onlineHYPERLINK ../../../../../Pending/Other/article [online] http://www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/] http://www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/ 23/0812 ) 2.2 How do the two companies practice the classical approach to management? Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. There are different approaches to management, Classical approach to management is mainly concerned with increasing the efficiency of workers organizations based on management practice which were and outcome of careful observation. In Emirates the y focus on a worldwide standard that is if any customer calls any contact centre in the world they will be handled in the exact same way as all other station mainly some of the things are done in the idea of one best way to do the job but when situations are unique then the approach differs. In emirates they identify the employees capability of doing each job that is been assigned to them and on that they develop a standard method of performance for each job, the employees are given standard educational training in Dubai on the system and the how to handle the customers as well as the introduction and background of emirates as a group. They also evaluate on how the employees perform their job and if there is an improvement and an enhancement in business practice. In return for good performance and motivational purposes the employees are appreciated and rewarded. Fly Dubai uses the classical management approach only in the decision making process where they emphasise on the purpose of providing the travel solution .Since Fly Dubai is based on web sales the management uses classical approach in a very minimal way however the idea they impose is that the best way of doing business is through the web since they are a new airline and young to the industry they are trying their best to grow as much as they could. 2.3 Evaluation of different approaches to management used by the two organizations Both organizations follow two or more management approaches as some of them change depending on the situation, when we say Classical approach is emphasises on the organizations formal structure, technical requirements and set of principles and in both companies we can see the formal structure and also the principles on how everything is done. There is a rule for everything and a standard way that things are done. Eg- forecasting and planning looking into the future and drawing up action plans organizing building up the material and human structure of the undertaking commanding maintaining activity amount personnel coordinating unifying and harmonizing activity and effort controlling ensuring that things conform to rules and instructions The Human Resource perspective to management suggested that jobs should be designed to meet higher levels needs by allowing workers to use their full potential. In the Human relation point Emirates uses tack tics like Better treatment, need for recognition, better salaries and bonuses, promotions and recognition to the employees to the level that it is needed so that they are easily motivated to do the job in a more positive sense. The employees social welfare is looked in to at all times, there is high job security as well as medical benefits. In Fly Dubai they treat all employees equally and opportunities are given to everyone, the employees ideas and new innovations are taken in to consideration. The people working under fly Dubai is motivated by the secure working environment, profit share salary and other benefits. They also make sure that the employees are problem free from any aspect at all times as if any personal problem it will affect the performance of the employee. The contingency approach to management is an extension of the humanistic perspective which is based on the idea that in an organization there is no one best way in the management process (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) to successfully resolve any tailored circumstances; because organizations, people and situations vary and change over time. Thus, the right thing to do depends on a complex variety of critical environmental and internal contingencies. In the airline industry many things depend on the customer needs and wants hence many situations differ from one customer to another so depending on the kind of issue the solution will be based and this approach is common in both airlines. Conclusion We can conclude saying that Emirates airlines and Fly Dubai two distinctive airlines as Emirates is a conventional airline and the other is a low- cost carrier. However in the analysis on the organizational structures we identified that Emirates has a Tall structure where there is a large number of employees in the managerial level appointed and given the responsibilities of certain areas and Fly Dubai has a flat structure with few key people. The report consists of behavioural problems within the organization and the solutions and also the leadership styles of the CEOs of both organizations. Based on the last few analyses we are able to understand the different approaches to management.

Movie Essays - Comparing the Novel and Film Version of Joy Luck Club

Comparing the Novel and Film Version of Joy Luck Club   Ã‚   Wayne Wang's adaptation of Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club combines literary and cinematic devices by adopting the novel's narrative techniques and strengthening them through image and sound. The adaptation exemplifies not a destruction or abuse of Amy Tan's novel, but the emergence of a new work of art, not hindered but enhanced by the strengths of its literary precursor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Incorporating her family's own experiences as Chinese immigrants to the United States, Amy Tan tells the story of four Chinese mothers (Suyuan Woo, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, Ying-ying St. Clair) and their American-born daughters (Jing-mei "June" Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Wave... .... Pour une lecture sociocritique de l'adaptation cinematographique. Une publication de l'Institut de Sociocritique --Montpellier.1995. Drolet. Telling her stories to change the (con)text of identity.UMI Dissertation Services. Michigan 1994. Aycock, Wendell. Film and literature : a comparative approach to adaptation. Texas Tech University Press, 1988.

Beowulf: Fierce and Compassionate Warrior :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

The epic Beowulf is one of the oldest poems written in English. According to the Norton Anthology, "the poem was composed more the twelve hundred years ago, in the first half of the eight century. Its author may have been a native of what was Mercia, the Midlands of England today, although the late tenth-century manuscript , which alone preserves the poem, originated in the south in the kingdom of the West Saxons" (Norton 21). Although the poem is of English origin, it speaks of tribes (the Danes and the Geats) that are from the "Danish island of Zealand and southern Sweden respectively" (Norton 22). The main character, Beowulf, demonstrates that he is a warrior who places heroism and bravery over his own well-being and life. Beowulf is a hero and an example of a great warrior. His actions give us a good example of the pagan warrior mentality. The pagan society is a warrior society, in which courage and bravery are extremely prevalent. Beowulf fights against monsters and dragons, and he would rather die in battle, then anywhere else. Beowulf is called upon to help defeat Grendel, who is a monster that has taken over the hall of Heorot. He is greeted with great hospitality. Hrothgar, the King of Denmark, is relived to see Beowulf. There is some skepticism by Unferth, who recalls a fight in which Beowulf lost in Battle. Unferth is wrong, and Beowulf says this great line: "fate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good." Beowulf defeats Grendel with great ease and the people of the hall are gracious to Beowulf. With all his great achievements, he becomes king of his homeland (Geatland). Even in his old age, he still has an obligation to fight against the evils of nature. Beowulf hears about a dragon who has become extremely upset because a thief stole a cup from a treasure which he had been guarding for several years. When Beowulf asks for volunteers to fight against the dragon, all but one of Beowulf's followers run into the forest in fear. The one who stays with Beowulf, is a young warrior named Wiglaf.

Managing Change Essay

You are required to write an essay supported with reference to the academic literature that answers the following question: †¢ You have recently been appointed to your first management post following graduation. You are keenly aware that as part of your management role you will be responsible for managing change and anticipate drawing on your BM 6105 studies to help you achieve success in this area. Based on the theoretical perspectives covered during your module studies, what do you believe to be the critical factors that promote effective strategic change outcomes? You need to:†¢ Develop your answer into a paper that both discusses your chosen factors for success and justifies their selection. †¢ Identify and research two organisations that have undergone a significant change process. BM 6105 Assignment Key questions you need to ask 1. Who are you in this report? 2. What ‘theoretical perspectives’ do you need to examine in the essay? 3. How can you define ‘effective strategic change’ based on what you have covered in your module? 4. What are the 4 critical factor areas which you could focus upon in your essay? How many critical factors should be in your report? 5. What 3 areas of the module do you need to review to answer your assignment? 6. How can you ‘identify two organisations that have undergone a significant change process’? 1. Who are you in this report? You are a recently appointed manager . As such, you need to integrate practical aspects into your discussion. 2. What ‘theoretical perspectives’ do you need to examine in the essay? You need to define ‘strategic change’ You need to discuss theories underpinning the four critical factors 3. How can you define ‘effective strategic change’ based on what you have  covered in your module? Examine chapters 1 and 2. Then argue for what you perceive (believe) to be effective strategic change. You should also read and integrate some of the articles listed at the end of these chapters within your discussion. 5. What 3 areas of the module do you need to review to answer your assignment? Your module follows the core text book. It is important that you read Parts ONE, TWO and THREE of the text book BEFORE you attempt to write your essay. – Part One – The context and meaning of change (chp 1- 2) – Part Two – Changing Organisations (Chp 3 -6) – Part Three – Strategies for Managing Change (Chp 7-9) 4. What are the 4 critical factor areas which you could focus upon in your essay? How many critical factors should be in your report? i) Organisational structure and design – Chp 3 ii) Culture – Chp 4 iii) Politics and Conflict – Chp 5 iv) Leadership – Chp 6 At Least TWO factors should be in your report †¢ How can you ‘identify two organisations that have undergone a significant change? – You need to give supportive evidence comprising of actual organisational change, which have occurred as a result of any of the critical factors discussed in your essay. – These examples can be case studies which you have already discussed or are available from text books – Examples could also be obtained from online news sources such as Financial Times, The Economist, BBC etc. BM 6105 Assignment layout 1. Suggest a title for this essay. 2. What different headings/sections will your essay have? 3. What sort of language will be used in each section? Can you use â€Å"I†? 1. Suggest a title for this report. An essay on effective strategic change in organisations: an analysis of critical factors Examining Critical Factors for promoting effective strategic change outcomes 2. What different headings/sections will your essay have? 1. Introduction 2. Defining organisational change 3. Critical factors and organisational change 4. Effective strategic change 5. Conclusion 3. What sort of language will be used in each section? Introduction †¢ In this essay there will be†¦ †¢ This essay will†¦ †¢ This essay is going to†¦ †¢ This essay has been undertaken to†¦ N.B. You cannot use â€Å"I†. You can use tables, figures, numbering for Sections in your essay. 2

In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio Essay

Philippe Bourgois appropriate In Search of Respect sell Crack in El Barrio was published in 1995, and discussed his experiences of sources living in El Barrio (East Harlem). In 1985 the writer moved to this regulate of New York City with the purpose of analyse the impact of imposed racial separationism and economic marginalization on the informal city Puerto Rican population (intro pg. 1). An inte lieing bare-ass in push-down list into the street culture lay down in New York was captured in this book. The observe along of scantiness in this portion of our unpolished is much higher(prenominal) than that in some other areas.Bourgois presents the theory culture of beggary which seems to argues that poor bulk share pervert cultural characteristics. The poor study life historystyles that protest from the rest of society and that these characteristics perpetuate their life of poverty. The poor are qualitatively varied in values and these cultural differences excuse co ntinued poverty. He argues that this neighborhood, which is well cognize for high rates of rage, does non acquire widespread violence occurring amongst entirely of its members.The higher crime rate, argues Bourgois, occurs for the just about part at heart the factions of the clandestine economic system, and social relationships. With an unbiased sight the author looks at the underground rescue, from infant sitting, off-track betting, to medicine dealing, as these were the recalls which most of the families living in El Barrio were qualified to abide. This book is generally a schema of the events that occurred during Bourgois stay in El Barrio. The sure purpose of the book was to write a first-hand account of racial prejudice and heathen segregation in the heart of adept of the worlds largest cities.Bourgois was swept into the area drug economy because of the abundance of information from the dealers and their families who all lived within the immediate area. Mos t of the accounts given in the book come from a genius erupt house near Bourgois tenement. The separate of cranny dealers filtered with Bourgois presents a make argument that reform within the economy needs to take habitation in order to reduce the amount of violence within the inner-cities of the United States. Bourgois states that there is a strong feeling of community among the people living in El Barrio.The racial and ethnic prejudice of the El Barrio outsiders has summit the residents of the city to isolate themselves from the rest of the American society. The isolation and aversion of these people by the rest of the world has lead them to the posture when their chance(a) struggles for subsistence and self-respect at the poverty line, (intro pg. 2) became non succeederful any longer. The drug dealing has swallowed all of the attempts of these people to go up a decent place in the society, and sell crack became the besides dash for inhabitants of El Barrio to at least survive.At some point of time the author tries to find the answer to the question of wherefore did all that happen. He asks, in canvas the street culture, how does growing up in an environment like that affect star in their ability to obligation profitably in mainstream society? Bourgois goes back and looks at the history of Puerto Ricans, from Puerto Rico to New York City, all through the history of these people on American continent, and identifys into perspective, how that helps shape their culture in El Barrio.Bourgois conducts his re essay for this book by putting himself in direct daily justt against with the subjects of this book. Through participant observation, he was able to delve deep into the individual(prenominal) lives of the crack dealers, addicts, and people effected by the epidemic. He also attended holidays and family function in order to get a more humanistic and holistic involve of this society.The answers found by the author were shock but not s urprising. The social information and culture that defines Puerto Ricans is the exact thing that inhibits them from success (ch. pg. 142), and just returns them to street in search of other means to make a living. Family seemed to be majorly effected by this outbreak. By destroying the so-called mother-nuture instinct, and by disabling their children during their tenderest ages, open mothers escape the long-term agony of having to remark their children grow up healthy, energetic adolescents, only(prenominal) to become victims and protagonists of violence and substance abuse. (ch. 7 pg. 285) Many examples of this were portrayed through glaze overs life with her son Junior.He was the first boy Bourgois watched graduate into crack dealer status. Due to the outbreak, jobs were also effected. The only jobs that provided enough mvirtuosoy for the Harlemites to survive on, without having to contain in some other contraband activity, are high risk wind jobs, which were ran by racist mafia support unions (ch. 4 pg. 162), or entry take aim jobs in the F. I. R. E. (finance, insurance, or real estate) sphere of influence (ch. 4 pg. 142), where the impoverished Puerto Ricans did not have enough cultural capital or the proper ethnic background to survive in the positions being offered.When ever they did get a job in angiotensin converting enzyme of these areas things wouldnt go actually well. For example, in the braid jobs, they would either be cheated out of fight and overtime (ch. 4 pg. 165), or when they got a job in the F. I. R. E. sector, they would have to put aside their values and norms and go against everything they were taught through their culture. The racial attitudes of civilized people did not allow the Puerto Ricans (who often outsmarted whites, and performed better at the jobs) to succeed in their career growing.Puerto Ricans would oftentimes have to be subordinate to women barking orders at them, and they would have to deal with ethnic ster eotypes. Anytime they came into contact with mainstream society it would be a demeaning, humiliating, and prejudicious experience. Thus, these types of experiences would future alienate them from mainstream society and nonplus them into the underground economy of crack, the only place where they can go to make m wholenessy, and convalesce a certain sense of dignity and respect.To survive financially outside of mainstream society, one must manipulate all of ones on hand(predicate) resources to make a livable income. So, in the underground economy this can mean anything, from taking advantage of the welfare office, to selling drugs, or robbing people, all of which were employed by most of the subjects in this book. Although the world of the underground economy is very chaotic, it all seems to wheel around one thing crack.The Puerto Ricans suffered lees from crack physiologically than socially. This nationality usually served as bulwark between the drug sellers and police when resolution illegal issues. The outcome of this situation was by all odds unfavorable to general Puerto Ricans. On one side they did not belong to the criminal part of El Barrio (with its multi million buck turnovers), and on the other side the rest of the New York City perceived them very negatively.The poverty of culture seemed to be attached with the idea that the people lived through the heavy(a) times with drugs primarily. Though Philippe Bourgois book is not about the problems of racism and ethnic discrimination, but about the underground economy of El Barrio with its effect on life of the sylvan inhabitants of East Harlem, the underlying foundation for the development of this type of economy was the social prejudice about Puerto Ricans and their abilities to function in the raw civilized society of whites.

Animal Testing: Not Very Reliable or Safe for Human Safety

Animal Testing like a shot there atomic number 18 many companies that streamlet their products on physicals such as composition and painkillers. Not many people contri onlye attention to this fact, but in actuality they should. Excuses for companies utilise puppets for stressing ar that they aim similarities in their tissues and DNA. Though parts of the mankind form vs. an animals body may have similarities but people must bear on in mind that we are two tot in ally different species. k straight offledge shows that animals rarely serve as ripe(p) models for the human body so wherefore would we feel safe with the product any counsels.The outgo thing for us to do is test out products on other man so then we goat fixate reli able-bodied and accurate results. The Food and drug Administration (FDA) stated that 92% of all drugs that are shown to be safe and effectual in animal exam r finisher in human trials from this information you can see that testing on anim als isnt real reliable or safe for our gum elastic and health. Also, it was said in multiple scientific discipline journals that testing on animals would be a waste of time and life, both(prenominal) human and animal. Testing on animals is unreliable for both species.Other than the lack of similarities between the two, animal testing could lead to the spread of disease. For example, say my order is testing a new allergenic pill in chickens but it goes abominably wrong s d ills the animals, now I must find a way to dispose of them and if its non done properly, and someone gets their hands on the one of the tested animals and tries to eat it theres a high possibility that the consumer leave behind become ill as well and end up spreading their illness to meet people, causing an outbreak. This could all be prevented if animal testing were to be banned. Thankfully, as of right field now this has yet to happen, YET.Once again, we shouldnt test our products on animals because ani mals are helpless and have no say in the matter. With humans, we are able to utterance our opinion and position on a subject so if we are Bering asked of something that we arent comfortable participating in, then we dont have to, on the other hand an animal cannot in any means voice their opinion to a human. If they dont wish to apportion in these trials how would we have any way of knowing? More on, if you are I keep forcing these animals to participate in these tests this leave make the animal vicious and dangerous leading on to having to put down the animal.If you keep abusing a species like this over time, you will be seen as a bane and that will be taught to the offspring, so in and so forth. If that were to happen we shouldnt even fancy to get close to that animal anymore, they are traumatizing these species. Furthermore, animal testing is absolutely gaunt because it is taking up entirely excessively much if the governments money. We, as a hole, ate already in debt to c hins at 1. 16 trillion dollars, but we choose to continue paying serious about 200billion dollars in a each year basis to animal testing clean fit cancer alone.